Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that often presents in emergency departments (EDs) with acute, progressive muscle weakness and sensory disturbances. GBS is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks peripheral nerves, typically following an infection such as a respiratory or gastrointestinal illness. Early recognition and prompt management are crucial for optimizing patient outcomes.

In the emergency setting, GBS should be suspected in patients presenting with rapidly progressing weakness, especially after a recent infection. The hallmark of GBS is ascending paralysis, starting in the lower limbs and potentially progressing to respiratory failure, which may require mechanical ventilation. The diagnosis is primarily clinical but is confirmed through neurophysiological studies, such as nerve conduction tests, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, which typically shows an elevated protein level with a normal white blood cell count (albuminocytologic dissociation).

Early intervention, including the use of immunotherapy (intravenous immunoglobulin or plasmapheresis), can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. Emergency physicians (EPs) must monitor vital signs closely, as respiratory failure and autonomic instability can occur rapidly. Additionally, supportive care, including pain management, physical therapy, and prevention of complications, is essential.

The role of EPs in managing GBS extends beyond initial stabilization. They must ensure timely referral to specialized care centers for continued management, as recovery can be prolonged and requires multidisciplinary follow-up. Understanding the critical aspects of GBS presentation and management in the ED is vital to improving patient outcomes in this potentially devastating condition.