This book delves into a diverse range of contemporary economic, social, and environmental challenges, all viewed through the lens of microeconomics. It highlights the intricate drivers, interactions, and outcomes at the individual, household, and sectoral levels, providing a nuanced understanding of the forces shaping decision-making and policy. The chapters collectively explore critical areas where microeconomic analysis is indispensable. These include the impact of agriculture, renewable energy, trade openness, and economic growth on carbon emissions in Turkey, as well as the role of clean energy transitions and energy technology research in reducing the United States' carbon footprint. The book also examines how socioeconomic factors such as education, income, and demographics influence tobacco consumption within Turkish households, shedding light on the micro-level determinants of consumer behaviour. Sectoral insights are offered through an analysis of the interplay between car loan interest rates, GDP, and car sales and rentals, revealing how economic indicators affect individual purchasing decisions. Additionally, the book explores the microeconomic dynamics of migration and welfare, analysing how individual and household choices are influenced by economic incentives, social benefits, and welfare policies. A dedicated chapter on behavioural economics underscores the importance of psychological factors in shaping decision-making, challenging traditional assumptions of rationality and showcasing the relevance of these insights for policy and practice. By integrating robust empirical methodologies with theoretical frameworks, this book underscores the critical role of microeconomics in addressing today’s pressing issues. It aims to bridge academic research with practical implications, offering valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners while encouraging further inquiry into the complexities of individual and household-level decision-making.