Vital pulp treatments have started to be offered as an alternative to non-surgical root canal treatment in deeply carious teeth because it preserves the vitality of the pulp tissue as much as possible. Despite many evidences reporting that the success rates of root canal treatments performed at high standards are over 90%, researchers have tried to increase the success of treatment with conservative approaches as much as possible over the years. Because in order for the immune response in the dental tissues to continue, the pulpal tissues must be protected. It has been shown in many studies that the chance of success of vital treatments performed with the correct technique using biocompatible materials together with the correct diagnosis can be at least as high as non-surgical root canal treatment. In this section, published studies on how to diagnose pulp diseases, in which cases vital pulp treatments can be preferred to traditional root canal treatment, and with which materials and which vital pulp treatments should be performed will be evaluated.