Set pieces are an integral part of football, both offensively and defensively. They are crucial for creating goal opportunities and disrupting defensive structures. Modern football heavily relies on the strategic use of set pieces such as free kicks, corner kicks, throw-ins, and penalties. These moments in the game have evolved from simple restarts to powerful tactical weapons. Studies emphasize the growing role of set pieces, highlighting that free kicks, when executed with technical precision, can be decisive in scoring goals (Hughes & Franks, 2005).

Free kicks are categorized into direct and indirect types, each requiring distinct defensive strategies. Direct free kicks often involve forming a defensive wall, which, while common, can obstruct the goalkeeper’s view of the ball, delaying reaction times and negatively impacting performance (Valkanidis et al., 2020). In contrast, defending against indirect free kicks requires effective marking of opposing players and readiness to intercept short passes (Casal et al., 2014).

Similarly, corner kick defense often employs zonal or man-marking systems. In some cases, hybrid approaches combining both strategies yield better results. Proper placement of defenders near the goalposts can significantly reduce scoring opportunities for the opposition (Pulling & Newton, 2017).

Although often overlooked, throw-ins present tactical challenges. Quick throw-ins demand high defensive pressure to limit passing options, while long throws require aerial dominance and precise positioning (Stone et al., 2021). Penalties, on the other hand, test psychological resilience and demand that goalkeepers anticipate the shooter’s intentions.

The historical development of set pieces demonstrates their increasing tactical importance. Coaches and players can enhance team performance by analyzing and mastering set-piece strategies, ultimately shaping the tactical framework of modern football.