The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a dual-function joint that forms the central component of the stomatognathic system, facilitating jaw movements. Located between the mandibula and the os temporale, the TMJ allows rotational (ginglymoid) and translational (arthrodial) movements. The discus articularis separates joint surfaces, reduces friction, and stabilizes the joint during mandibular movements. The joint capsule is reinforced by the ligamentum temporomandibulare (lateral ligament), ligamentum sphenomandibulare, and ligamentum stylomandibulare, which maintain joint stability by restricting excessive movement.

The TMJ is functionally supported by the coordinated actions of the musculus masseter, m. temporalis, m. pterygoideus lateralis, and m. pterygoideus medialis. The joint receives its innervation from the n. mandibularis (a branch of the nervus trigeminus) via the n. auriculotemporalis and n. massetericus. Its blood supply is derived from the branches of the a. carotis externa, specifically the a. maxillaris and a. temporalis superficialis.

Due to its complex anatomical structure, the TMJ is susceptible to pathological conditions such as discus articularis displacement, osteoarthritis, myofascial pain syndrome, and ankylosis. These disorders present with symptoms like pain, limited mandibular mobility, and joint sounds, significantly affecting patients’ quality of life.

This chapter provides a detailed review of the anatomical structure, biomechanical properties, and associated musculature, ligamentous structures, and neurovascular components of the TMJ. Emphasis is placed on the clinical relevance and treatment strategies for temporomandibular disorders. A thorough understanding of the TMJ is essential for early diagnosis, effective management, and the preservation of joint function, thereby improving patient outcomes.