Until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Turkic Republics such as Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, which served as the raw material producers of the union, finally gained their independence in the early 1990s and transitioned from the communist economic system to a free market economy. However, after the republics in question broke away from the division of labor within the Soviet Union, they faced the painful processes of running an economy on their own. In addition to being members of the IMF and the World Bank, structural changes were made in the banking sector, which played a very effective role in financial markets, and this difficult period was tried to be overcome. In this period, banks that were granted freedom to operate in many areas were needed and the sector grew significantly. In countries where the banking sector, which is one of the key sectors for economies, is developed, it is also expected to grow and develop in the real sector. Therefore, this book focuses on the banking sector in the Independent Turkish Republics and attempts to touch on the contributions of the development in the sector to the economy.