This book chapter comprehensively examines the workings of solar cells, their various types, efficiencies, economic and cost-effectiveness, environmental impacts, societal effects, scientific research and innovations, future expectations, and perspectives. Starting with the basic operational processes and different types of solar cells, the chapter sheds light on the efficiency and cost-effectiveness aspects of these technologies. Environmental impacts and sustainability concepts highlight the prominence of solar cells as an eco-friendly energy alternative. Scientific research and innovations sit at the heart of all these topics. Innovation and research are vital for enhancing the efficiency of solar cell technologies, reducing their costs, making them more environmentally friendly, and reaching broader segments of society. Finally, the chapter presents the future developments, expectations, and the overall future perspective of solar cells to the readers.